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this is a list that might interest you. In addition I am listing my website cal
led The Applied History of Art and Architecture. http://www.pinkdragon.com/ahaa/
The approach in this demonstration site is based on constructivist theory.


Cognitive Flexibility Theory

?
One model often cited as one of the underpinnings of constructivist learning is
Rand Spiro's Cognitive Flexibility Theory. All of the design problems we are work
ing on in the class have some elements that might be approached with this model i
n mind. Your task is to identify where the range of applicability lies. Here are
some resources to help you get started. They're not all equally applicable. Feel
free to use the web, ERIC and the bricks-and-mortar libraries you have access to
to extend this list.

The list that follows was gleaned from several postings on the EDTECH list.

1. Preparing the way for student cognitive development; M Paula McMinn;
Multicultural Education, San Francisco; Fall 2001; Vol. 9, Iss. 1; pg. 13, 3
pgs


2. Effects of cognitive flexibility theory-based instruction on Korean high
school history teaching; Soojung Jang; Distance Education, Melbourne; 2000;
Vol. 21, Iss. 1; pg. 136, 26 pgs


3. Resolve conflict, boost creativity; Erik J Van Slyke; HRMagazine,
Alexandria; Nov 1999; Vol. 44, Iss. 12; pg. 132, 4 pgs


4. Taking development seriously; Annette Karmiloff-Smith; Human Development,
Basel; Nov/Dec 1999; Vol. 42, Iss. 6; pg. 325, 3 pgs


5. The development of cognitive flexibility: Evidence from children's
drawings; Fiona Spensley; Human Development, Basel; Nov/Dec 1999; Vol. 42,
Iss. 6; pg. 300, 25 pgs


6. The Cognitive Flexibility Scale: Three validity studies; Matthew M
Martin; Communication Reports, Salt Lake City; Winter 1998; Vol. 11, Iss. 1;
pg. 1, 9 pgs


7. Developmental outcomes of an executive MBA programme; Hilgert, Arnie D;
The Journal of Management Development, Bradford; 1995; Vol. 14, Iss. 10; pg.
64, 13 pgs


10. Building a Case-Based Curriculum to Enhance the Pedagogical Content
Knowledge of Mathematics Teachers; Barnett, Carne; Journal of Teacher
Education, Washington; Sep 1991; Vol. 42, Iss. 4; pg. 263, 10 pgs


11. Bilingualism, cognitive flexibility, and electronic literacy; Carla
Meskill; Bilingual Research Journal, Washington; Spring 1999; Vol. 23, Iss.
2/3; pg. 235, 12 pgs


>From ERIC
How To Develop Cognitive Flexibility in a WWW Course.
Author: Carvalho, Ana Amelia Amorim Publication: Portugal No. of Pages: 9
Accession No: ED455763


2. Language, Space, and the Development of Cognitive Flexibility in Humans:
The Case of Two Spatial Memory Tasks.
Author: Hermer-Vazques, Linda; Moffet, Anne; Munkholm, Paul Source:
Cognition v79 n3 p263-99 May 2001 Accession No: EJ626971


3. Web-Based Instruction: Theoretical Differences in Treatment of Subject
Matter.
Author: Ludwig, Brooke Publication: U.S. Texas No. of Pages: 6 Accession No:
ED453708


4. The Influence of Cognitive Load on Learning from Hypertext.
Author: Niederhauser, Dale S.; Reynolds, Ralph E.; Salmen, Donna J., and
others Source: Journal of Educational Computing Research v23 n3 p237-55 2000
Accession No: EJ621824


5. Bilingualism, Cognitive Flexibility, and Electronic Literacy.
Author: Meskill, Carla; Mossop, Jonathan; Bates, Richard Source: Bilingual
Research Journal v23 n2-3 p235-46 Spr-Sum 1999 Accession No: EJ620428
Libraries: 219


6. Author: Carvalho, Ana Amelia Amorim Publication: Portugal No. of Pages: 8
Accession No: ED448748


7. Enhancing Interactivity in Web-based Instruction: A Review of the
Literature.
Author: Liaw, Shu-sheng; Huang, Hsiu-mei Source: Educational Technology v40
n3 p41-45 May-Jun 2000 Accession No: EJ606830 Libraries: 1281


8. Teacher-Centered Projects: Confidence, Risk Taking and Flexible Thinking
(Mathematics).
Author: Liedtke, Werner W. Publication: Canada British Columbia No. of
Pages: 8 Accession No: ED442612


9. Gender Differences in Advanced Mathematical Problem Solving.
Author: Gallagher, Ann M.; DeLisi, Richard; Holst, Patricia C, and others
Source: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology v75 n3 p165-90 Mar 2000
Accession No: EJ602178 Libraries: 870


10. Sources of Flexibility in Human Cognition: Dual-Task Studies of Space
and Language.
Author: Hermer-Vazquez, Linda; Spelke, Elizabeth S.; Katsnelson, Alla S.
Source: Cognitive Psychology v39 n1 p3-36 Aug 1999 Accession No: EJ596364
Libraries: 758


11. Novice Student Learning in Case Based Hypermedia Environment: A
Quantitative Study.
Author: Demetriadis, Stavros; Pombortsis, Andreas Source: Journal of
Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia v8 n2 p241-69 1999 Accession No:
EJ593490


12. Cognitive Flexibility: Further Validation of Flexible Combination.
Author: Dillon, Ronna F.; Vineyard, George M. Publication: U.S. Illinois No.
of Pages: 11 Accession No: ED435727


13. Exploring Individual Processes of Knowledge Construction with Hypertext.
Author: Balcytiene, Aukse Source: Instructional Science v27 n3-4 p303-28 Jul
1999 Accession No: EJ589991


14. A Theoretical Look at Electronic Community's Conversation and
Curriculum.
Author: Rogers, Curtis R. Publication: U.S. South Carolina No. of Pages: 20
Accession No: ED430551


15. Training Parents as Peacekeepers--A Resolutionary Process.
Author: Popoff, Leslie E. Publication: U.S. New York No. of Pages: 15
Accession No: ED430191


16. Using Constructivist Instructional Design Featured in Two Online
Courses: Notes from the Field.
Author: Rossner-Merrill, Vivian; Parker, Drew; Mamchur, Carolyn, and others
Source: Educational Media International v35 n4 p282-88 Dec 1998 Accession
No: EJ582215


17. The Social Construction of a Digital Library: A Case Study Examining
Implications for Evaluation.
Author: Kilker, Julian; Gay, Geri Source: Information Technology and
Libraries v17 n2 p60-70 Jun 1998 Accession No: EJ577923


18. Socialization of Distance Education: The Web as Enabler.
Author: Parker, Drew; Rossner-Merrill, Vivian Publication: Canada British
Columbia No. of Pages: 7 Accession No: ED427728


19. Representational Flexibility and Response Control in a Multistep
Multilocation Search Task.
Author: Zelazo, Philip David; Reznick, J. Steven; Spinazzola, Joseph Source:
Developmental Psychology v34 n2 p203-14 Mar 1998 Accession No: EJ570710
Libraries: 1490


20. Auntie EMM Sends Electronic Mail to Oz.
Source: International Journal of Instructional Media v22 n3 p245-54 1995
Accession No: EJ568982


21. Design Considerations in Converting a Stand-Up Training Class to Web-Based
Training: Some Guidelines from Cognitive Flexibility Theory.
Author: Simonson, Nancee Source: Journal of Interactive Instruction
Development v10 n3 p3-9 Win 1998 Accession No: EJ567695


22. Critical Thinking, Developmental Learning, and Adaptive Flexibility in
Organizational Leaders.
Author: Duchesne, Robert Source: PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning v6
p19-28 1997 Accession No: EJ560449


23. An Interactive Multimedia Program To Enhance Teacher Problem-Solving
Skills Based on Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Design and Outcomes.
Author: Fitzgerald, Gail E.; And Others Source: Journal of Educational
Multimedia and Hypermedia v6 n1 p47-76 1997 Accession No: EJ544672


24. A Case-Based Pharmacy Environment: Cognitive Flexibility + Social
Constructivism.
Author: Oliver, Kevin M. Publication: U.S. Georgia No. of Pages: 9 Accession
No: ED412924


25. Clue-Efficiency and Insight: Unveiling the Mystery of Inductive Leaps.
Author: Baker-Sennett, Jacquelyn; Ceci, Stephen J. Source: Journal of
Creative Behavior v30 n3 p153-72 Third Quarter 1996 Accession No: EJ532396


26. Cognitive Similarities between Academically and Socially Gifted
Students.
Author: Jones, Karen; Day, Jeanne D. Source: Roeper Review v18 n4 p270-73
Jun 1996 Accession No: EJ527628


27. A Critical Analysis of Hypermedia and Virtual Learning Environments.
Author: Oliver, Kevin M. Publication: U.S. Georgia No. of Pages: 45
Accession No: ED412925


28. The Effect of Lesson Structures on Predication and Inference.
Author: Li, Tiancheng; Jonassen, David H. Publication: U.S. Pennsylvania No.
of Pages: 8 Accession No: ED397813


29. Hypertext Learning Environments, Cognitive Flexibility, and the Transfer
of Complex Knowledge: An Empirical Investigation.
Author: Jacobson, Michael J; Spiro, Rand J. Source: Journal of Educational
Computing Research v12 n4 p301-33 1995 Accession No: EJ510379


30. An Overview of Computer Integration into Social Studies Instruction.
Author: Brady, H. Robert Source: Social Education v58 n5 p312-14 Sep 1994
Accession No: EJ492071


31. Duality, Ambiguity, and Flexibility: A "Proceptual" View of Simple
Arithmetic.
Author: Gray, Eddie M.; Tall, David O. Source: Journal for Research in
Mathematics Education v25 n2 p116-40 Mar 1994 Accession No: EJ491793


32. Hypertext Technology: Educational Consequences.
Author: Staninger, Steven W. Source: Educational Technology v34 n6 p51-53
Jul-Aug 1994 Accession No: EJ488247


33. Automatized Responding and Cognitive Inertia in Individuals with Mental
Retardation.
Author: Dulaney, Cynthia L.; Ellis, Norman R. Source: American Journal on
Mental Retardation v99 n1 p8-18 Jul 1994 Accession No: EJ487966


34. Issues in Hypertext and Hypermedia Research: Toward a Framework for
Linking Theory-to-Design.
Author: Jacobson, Michael J. Source: Journal of Educational Multimedia and
Hypermedia v3 n2 p141-54 1994 Accession No: EJ486817


35. Learning How To Teach: A Computer-Based System To Enhance Teacher
Reflection.
Author: Nelson, Wayne A.; Smith, Randall E. Publication: U.S. Illinois No.
of Pages: 11 Accession No: ED373744


36. Representative Cognitive Learning Theories and BI: A Case Study of End
User Searching.
Author: Jacobson, Frances F.; Jacobson, Michael J. Source: Research
Strategies v11 n3 p124-37 Sum 1993 Accession No: EJ474657


37. What Makes Certain Arithmetic Word Problems Involving the Comparison of
Sets So Difficult for Children?
Author: Stern, Elsbeth Source: Journal of Educational Psychology v85 n1
p7-23 Mar 1993 Accession No: EJ469833


38. A Mini-Workshop in Critical and Creative Thinking.
Author: Downs, Judy R. Publication: U.S. Florida No. of Pages: 6 Accession
No: ED361388


39. Formative Evaluation of a Generic Decision Aid for Classroom Use.
Author: Freeman, Jared T.; Guillen, Julio Publication: U.S. New York No. of
Pages: 7 Accession No: ED358109


40. Mental Flexibility and Planning Skills in Children and Adolescents with
Learning Disabilities.
Author: Snow, Jeffrey H. Source: Journal of Learning Disabilities v25 n4
p265-70 Apr 1992 Accession No: EJ445832

41. Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation.
Author: Duffy, Thomas M., Ed.; Jonassen, David H., Ed. Publication: U.S. New
Jersey No. of Pages: 221 Accession No: ED364198


42. Personality Types, Learning Styles, and Educational Goals.
Author: Miller, Alan Source: Educational Psychology: An International
Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology v11 n3-4 p217-38 1991
Accession No: EJ449304


43. A Longitudinal Study of Popular and Rejected Children's Rough-and-Tumble
Play.
Author: Pellegrini, A. D. Source: Early Education and Development v2 n3
p205-13 Jul 1991 Accession No: EJ441910


44. Knowledge Representation, Content Specification, and the Development of
Skill in Situation-Specific Knowledge Assembly; Some Constructivist Issues
as They Relate to Cognitive Flexibility Theory and Hypertext.
Author: Spiro, Rand J.; And Others Source: Educational Technology v31 n9
p22-25 Sep 1991 Accession No: EJ433313


45. Giftedness and Flexibility on a Mathematical Set-Breaking Task.
Author: Dover, Arlene; Shore, Bruce M. Source: Gifted Child Quarterly v35 n2
p99-105 Spr 1991 Accession No: EJ429986


46. Differences in Creative Thinking between Japanese and American Fifth
Grade Children.
Author: Ogawa, Masakata; And Others Publication: Japan No. of Pages: 9 In:
Ibaraki University Faculty of Education Bulletin n40 p53-59 1991 Accession
No: ED335155


47. The Gender Concept Development Legacy.
Author: Slaby, Ronald G. Source: New Directions for Child Development n47
p21-29 Spr 1990 Accession No: EJ412190


48. The Role of Gender Identity and Gender Constancy in Sex-Differentiated
Development.
Author: Maccoby, Eleanor E. Source: New Directions for Child Development n47
p5-20 Spr 1990 Accession No: EJ412189


49. Developmental Changes in Strategic Approaches to Classification.
Author: Freund, Lisa S.; And Others Source: Journal of Experimental Child
Psychology v49 n3 p343-62 Jun 1990 Accession No: EJ410784


50. Learning and Thinking Styles: Classroom Interaction. NEA School
Restructuring Series.
Author: Presseisen, Barbara Z.; And Others Publication: U.S. District of
Columbia No. of Pages: 161 Accession No: ED327322


51. A Bicognitive-Multicultural Model for a Pluralistic Education.
Author: Ramirez III, Manuel Source: Early Child Development and Care v51
p129-36 Oct 1989 Accession No: EJ407426


52. Preschool Children's Knowledge of Gender-Related Scripts and Schemata.
Author: Levy, Gary D.; And Others Publication: U.S. Colorado No. of Pages: 9
Accession No: ED319475


53. A Sociological Perspective on Intellectual Development.
Author: Schooler, Carmi Publication: U.S. Maryland No. of Pages: 36
Accession No: ED308932


54. Cognitive Styles in Early Childhood Education.
Author: Saracho, Olivia N. Source: Journal of Research in Childhood
Education v3 n1 p24-34 Spr-Sum 1988 Accession No: EJ379141


55. Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Advanced Knowledge Acquisition in
Ill-Structured Domains. Technical Report No. 441.
Author: Spiro, Rand J.; And Others Publication: U.S. Illinois No. of Pages:
15 Accession No: ED302821


56. Promoting Flexibility in Young Children's Mind within the Family--A
Cross Cultural View
Author: Klein, Pnina S. Source: International Journal of Early Childhood v19
n2 p51-60 Dec 1987 Accession No: EJ366475


57. Reflexibility in Problem Solving: The Social Context of Expertise.
Report No. 13.
Author: Levin, James A.; And Others Publication: U.S. California No. of
Pages: 15 Accession No: ED310147


58. Are the Important "Individual Differences" between or within
Individuals?
Author: Battig, William F. Source: Journal of Research in Personality v13 n4
p546-58 Dec 1979 Accession No: EJ213703


59. Individual Differences in Learning and Memory: A Unitary Information
Processing Approach.
Author: MacLeod, Colin M. Source: Journal of Research in Personality v13 n4
p530-45 Dec 1979 Accession No: EJ213702


This bibliography is by Harvey R. Gover
Assistant Campus Librarian
Max E. Benitz Memorial Library
Washington State University at Tri-Cities
2710 University Drive
Richland, WA 99352-1671 U.S.A.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Additional references by Katherine Bolman, Ed.D.

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ates.


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7-200). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.


Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Ame
rican Statistical Association Journal, 58, 236-244.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: benhyde <b.hyde@linst.ac.uk>

Dear Michael
Came across this link:
http://hometown.aol.com/davidpeal/pub/flexibility.html which lists these references - some (*) with links to online versions:


Spiro, R., et al. Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: random a
ccess instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains *


Spiro, R. and Jacobson, M. Learning and applying difficult science knowledge: re
search into the application of hypermedia learning environments (2nd year project
report, NSF grant) *


Jonassen, D. et al. (1996). Cognitive flexibility hypertexts on the Web: Engagin
g learners in meaning making. In Khan, B. (ed.), Web-based instruction (pp. 119-1
34). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.


Oliver, K. A case-based pharmacy environment: cognitive flexibility and social c
onstructivism *
via this search:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Cognitive+Flexibility,+Constructivism,+and+Hypertext&spell=1


ben

?
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--
Warmly,
Katherine Bolman, Ed.D.
This is one of my favourite sites...a great place to
start...particularly when viewing "Constructivism" in relation to other
theories of learning as well as teaching practice...not glamourous but
good.
http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/lnds_start.htm